Products related to Chromosomes:
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Evolution, Composition and Regulation of Supernumerary B Chromosomes
Supernumerary B chromosomes (Bs) are dispensable genetic elements found in thousands of species of plants and animals, and some fungi. Since their discovery more than a century ago, they have been a source of puzzlement, as they only occur in some members of a population and are absent from others. When they do occur, they are often harmful, and in the absence of “selfishness”, based on mechanisms of mitotic and meiotic drive, there appears to be no obvious reason for their existence. Cytogeneticists have long wrestled with questions about the biological existence of these enigmatic elements, including their lack of any adaptive properties, apparent absence of functional genes, their origin, sequence organization, and co-evolution as nuclear parasites. Emerging new technologies are now enabling researchers to step up a gear, to look enthusiastically beyond the previous limits of the horizon, and to uncover the secrets of these “silent” chromosomes. This book provides a comprehensive guide to theoretical advancements in the field of B chromosome research in both animal and plant systems.
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Abnormal Chromosomes : The Past, Present, and Future of Cancer Cytogenetics
Explore the past, present, and future of cancer cytogeneticsIn Abnormal Chromosomes: The Past, Present, and Future of Cancer Cytogenetics, globally renowned researchers Drs.Sverre Heim and Felix Mitelman deliver a state-of-the-art review of how cancer cytogenetic analyses have contributed to an improved understanding of tumorigenesis as well as to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients.The book also discusses how cytogenetics – the study of chromosomes - meets, interacts with, and cross-fertilizes other investigative technologies, including molecular somatic cell genetics. The book provides an impetus to think more deeply about the role chromosomes, and their abnormalities, play in health and disease, especially in neoplastic disorders.From which origins did cytogenetics develop? How did the finding of acquired chromosomal abnormalities in cells of leukemias and solid tumors influence our understanding of cancer as a biological process?How was information of this nature put to good use in the clinical management of cancer patients?Abnormal Chromosomes: The Past, Present, and Future of Cancer Cytogenetics offers readers: A thorough introduction to ancient theories of disease, the advent of cellular pathology, and how a scientific interest in chromosomes developedComprehensive exploration of the conceptual importance of Theodor Boveri and his somatic mutation theory of cancerA detailed chronological resume of cancer cytogenetic discoveries during the 20th centuryIn-depth discussions of the role of chromosome abnormalities, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes in leukemias, lymphomas, and solid tumors, together with a survey of what chromosome analyses have revealed about the clonal evolution of neoplastic cell populationsA discussion of the importance of pathogenetic classifications of neoplastic diseases, the role chromosome abnormalities play in this context, and which technological breakthroughs can be expected in chromosome-oriented cancer research Abnormal Chromosomes: The Past, Present, and Future of Cancer Cytogenetics was written for everyone with a scientific or clinical interest in cancer, especially how acquired chromosome abnormalities lead to neoplastic transformation.The book teaches how cytogenetic analyses contribute to a better understanding of tumorigenesis, but also how the finding of specific chromosome aberrations can be crucial for the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of cancer patients.
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Linux Kernel Development
Linux Kernel Development details the design and implementation of the Linux kernel, presenting the content in a manner that is beneficial to those writing and developing kernel code, as well as to programmers seeking to better understand the operating system and become more efficient and productive in their coding. The book details the major subsystems and features of the Linux kernel, including its design, implementation, and interfaces.It covers the Linux kernel with both a practical and theoretical eye, which should appeal to readers with a variety of interests and needs. The author, a core kernel developer, shares valuable knowledge and experience on the 2.6 Linux kernel.Specific topics covered include process management, scheduling, time management and timers, the system call interface, memory addressing, memory management, the page cache, the VFS, kernel synchronization, portability concerns, and debugging techniques.This book covers the most interesting features of the Linux 2.6 kernel, including the CFS scheduler, preemptive kernel, block I/O layer, and I/O schedulers. The third edition of Linux Kernel Development includes new and updated material throughout the book: An all-new chapter on kernel data structuresDetails on interrupt handlers and bottom halvesExtended coverage of virtual memory and memory allocationTips on debugging the Linux kernelIn-depth coverage of kernel synchronization and lockingUseful insight into submitting kernel patches and working with the Linux kernel community
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Learning eBPF : Programming the Linux Kernel for Enhanced Observability, Networking, and Security
What is eBPF? With this revolutionary technology, you can write custom code that dynamically changes the way the kernel behaves.It's an extraordinary platform for building a whole new generation of security, observability, and networking tools. This practical book is ideal for developers, system administrators, operators, and students who are curious about eBPF and want to know how it works.Author Liz Rice, chief open source officer with cloud native networking and security specialists Isovalent, also provides a foundation for those who want to explore writing eBPF programs themselves. With this book, you will:Learn why eBPF has become so important in the past couple of yearsWrite basic eBPF code, and manipulate eBPF programs and attach them to eventsExplore how eBPF components interact with Linux to dynamically change the operating system's behaviorLearn how tools based on eBPF can instrument applications without changes to the apps or their configurationDiscover how this technology enables new tools for observability, security, and networking
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Understanding the Linux Kernel
In order to thoroughly understand what makes Linux tick and why it works so well on a wide variety of systems, you need to delve deep into the heart of the kernel.The kernel handles all interactions between the CPU and the external world, and determines which programs will share processor time, in what order.It manages limited memory so well that hundreds of processes can share the system efficiently, and expertly organizes data transfers so that the CPU isn't kept waiting any longer than necessary for the relatively slow disks.The third edition of Understanding the Linux Kernel takes you on a guided tour of the most significant data structures, algorithms, and programming tricks used in the kernel.Probing beyond superficial features, the authors offer valuable insights to people who want to know how things really work inside their machine. Important Intel-specific features are discussed. Relevant segments of code are dissected line by line.But the book covers more than just the functioning of the code; it explains the theoretical underpinnings of why Linux does things the way it does.This edition of the book covers Version 2.6, which has seen significant changes to nearly every kernel subsystem, particularly in the areas of memory management and block devices.The book focuses on the following topics: * Memory management, including file buffering, process swapping, and Direct memory Access (DMA) * The Virtual Filesystem layer and the Second and Third Extended Filesystems * Process creation and scheduling * Signals, interrupts, and the essential interfaces to device drivers * Timing * Synchronization within the kernel * Interprocess Communication (IPC) * Program execution Understanding the Linux Kernel will acquaint you with all the inner workings of Linux, but it's more than just an academic exercise.You'll learn what conditions bring out Linux's best performance, and you'll see how it meets the challenge of providing good system response during process scheduling, file access, and memory management in a wide variety of environments.This book will help you make the most of your Linux system.
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Linux System Programming
Write software that draws directly on services offered by the Linux kernel and core system libraries.With this comprehensive book, Linux kernel contributor Robert Love provides you with a tutorial on Linux system programming, a reference manual on Linux system calls, and an insider's guide to writing smarter, faster code.Love clearly distinguishes between POSIX standard functions and special services offered only by Linux. With a new chapter on multithreading, this updated and expanded edition provides an in-depth look at Linux from both a theoretical and applied perspective over a wide range of programming topics, including: A Linux kernel, C library, and C compiler overview Basic I/O operations, such as reading from and writing to files Advanced I/O interfaces, memory mappings, and optimization techniques The family of system calls for basic process management Advanced process management, including real-time processes Thread concepts, multithreaded programming, and Pthreads File and directory management Interfaces for allocating memory and optimizing memory access Basic and advanced signal interfaces, and their role on the system Clock management, including POSIX clocks and high-resolution timers
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The Linux Programming Interface
The Linux Programming Interface (TLPI) is the definitive guide to the Linux and UNIX programming interface the interface employed by nearly every application that runs on a Linux or UNIX system.In this authoritative work, Linux programming expert Michael Kerrisk provides detailed descriptions of the system calls and library functions that you need in order to master the craft of system programming, and accompanies his explanations with clear, complete example programs.You'll find descriptions of over 500 system calls and library functions, and more than 200 example programs, 88 tables, and 115 diagrams.You'll learn how to: Read and write files efficiently Use signals, clocks, and timers Create processes and execute programs Write secure programs Write multithreaded programs using POSIX threads Build and use shared libraries Perform interprocess communication using pipes, message queues, shared memory, and semaphores Write network applications with the sockets API While The Linux Programming Interface covers a wealth of Linux-specific features, including epoll, inotify, and the /proc file system, its emphasis on UNIX standards (POSIX.1-2001/SUSv3 and POSIX.1-2008/SUSv4) makes it equally valuable to programmers working on other UNIX platforms.The Linux Programming Interface is the most comprehensive single-volume work on the Linux and UNIX programming interface, and a book that's destined to become a new classic.The Linux Programming Interface (TLPI) is the definitive guide to the Linux and UNIX programming interface the interface employed by nearly every application that runs on a Linux or UNIX system.In this authoritative work, Linux programming expert Michael Kerrisk provides detailed descriptions of the system calls and library functions that you need in order to master the craft of system programming, and accompanies his explanations with clear, complete example programs.You'll find descriptions of over 500 system calls and library functions, and more than 200 example programs, 88 tables, and 115 diagrams.You'll learn how to: Read and write files efficiently Use signals, clocks, and timers Create processes and execute programs Write secure programs Write multithreaded programs using POSIX threads Build and use shared libraries Perform interprocess communication using pipes, message queues, shared memory, and semaphores Write network applications with the sockets API While The Linux Programming Interface covers a wealth of Linux-specific features, including epoll, inotify, and the /proc file system, its emphasis on UNIX standards (POSIX.1-2001/SUSv3 and POSIX.1-2008/SUSv4) makes it equally valuable to programmers working on other UNIX platforms.The Linux Programming Interface is the most comprehensive single-volume work on the Linux and UNIX programming interface, and a book that's destined to become a new classic.
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Mastering Embedded Linux Programming
Harness the power of Linux to create versatile and robust embedded solutionsAbout This Book• Create efficient and secure embedded devices using Linux• Minimize project costs by using open source tools and programs• Explore each component technology in depth, using sample implementations as a guideWho This Book Is ForThis book is ideal for Linux developers and system programmers who are already familiar with embedded systems and who want to know how to create best-in-class devices.A basic understanding of C programming and experience with systems programming is needed. What You Will Learn• Understand the role of the Linux kernel and select an appropriate role for your application• Use Buildroot and Yocto to create embedded Linux systems quickly and efficiently• Create customized bootloaders using U-Boot• Employ perf and ftrace to identify performance bottlenecks• Understand device trees and make changes to accommodate new hardware on your device• Write applications that interact with Linux device drivers• Design and write multi-threaded applications using POSIX threads• Measure real-time latencies and tune the Linux kernel to minimize themIn DetailMastering Embedded Linux Programming takes you through the product cycle and gives you an in-depth description of the components and options that are available at each stage.You will begin by learning about toolchains, bootloaders, the Linux kernel, and how to configure a root filesystem to create a basic working device.You will then learn how to use the two most commonly used build systems, Buildroot and Yocto, to speed up and simplify the development process.Building on this solid base, the next section considers how to make best use of raw NAND/NOR flash memory and managed flash eMMC chips, including mechanisms for increasing the lifetime of the devices and to perform reliable in-field updates.Next, you need to consider what techniques are best suited to writing applications for your device.We will then see how functions are split between processes and the usage of POSIX threads, which have a big impact on the responsiveness and performance of the final device The closing sections look at the techniques available to developers for profiling and tracing applications and kernel code using perf and ftrace. Style and approach This book is an easy-to-follow and pragmatic guide consisting of an in-depth analysis of the implementation of embedded devices.Each topic has a logical approach to it; this coupled with hints and best practices helps you understand embedded Linux better.
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Similar search terms for Chromosomes:
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Are a chromatid chromosome and two chromatid chromosomes homologous chromosomes or a set of chromosomes?
A chromatid chromosome and two chromatid chromosomes are not homologous chromosomes, but rather a set of chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that contain the same genes in the same order, one from each parent. In contrast, chromatid chromosomes are duplicated copies of a single chromosome that are joined together at the centromere. Two chromatid chromosomes refer to a duplicated chromosome in preparation for cell division.
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Are chromosomes unreliable?
Chromosomes are not inherently unreliable, as they are the structures that carry our genetic information and play a crucial role in cell division and inheritance. However, errors can occur during the process of chromosome replication and segregation, leading to genetic mutations and disorders. Additionally, environmental factors and lifestyle choices can also impact the stability and integrity of chromosomes. Overall, while chromosomes are essential for the functioning of our cells and the inheritance of genetic traits, they are not immune to errors and can be influenced by various factors.
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What is the difference between single chromosomes and double chromosomes?
Single chromosomes refer to a single strand of DNA that contains genetic information. In contrast, double chromosomes refer to a pair of identical chromosomes, one from each parent, that are joined together at the centromere. Single chromosomes are found in haploid cells, such as gametes, while double chromosomes are found in diploid cells, such as somatic cells. Double chromosomes allow for genetic diversity and the exchange of genetic material through processes such as meiosis and fertilization.
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What is the difference between chromosomes, chromatids, and double chromosomes?
Chromosomes are the structures within cells that contain genetic information. They are made up of DNA and proteins. Chromatids are the two identical copies of a chromosome that are formed during the process of DNA replication. Double chromosomes, on the other hand, refer to the paired chromosomes that are formed during cell division, with each chromosome consisting of two sister chromatids. In summary, chromosomes are the overall structures containing genetic material, chromatids are the individual copies of a chromosome, and double chromosomes are the paired chromosomes formed during cell division.
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Does a homologous pair of chromosomes consist of two single-chromatid chromosomes or two double-chromatid chromosomes?
A homologous pair of chromosomes consists of two single-chromatid chromosomes. Each chromosome in the pair comes from one parent, and they carry the same genes in the same order, but may have different versions of those genes. During the S phase of the cell cycle, each single-chromatid chromosome replicates to form a double-chromatid chromosome, but these double-chromatid chromosomes do not pair up with each other during normal cell division.
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What is the difference between chromatids, chromosomes, and pairs of chromosomes?
Chromatids are two identical copies of a chromosome that are joined together at the centromere. Chromosomes are thread-like structures made of DNA and proteins that contain genetic information. Pairs of chromosomes refer to two homologous chromosomes, one inherited from each parent, that carry similar genes but may have different variations. In summary, chromatids are the duplicated copies of a single chromosome, chromosomes are the structures that contain genetic material, and pairs of chromosomes are homologous chromosomes inherited from each parent.
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What is the difference between double chromosomes and homologous double chromosomes?
Double chromosomes refer to a pair of identical chromosomes that are present in a diploid organism, one inherited from each parent. On the other hand, homologous double chromosomes are a pair of chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic content, but not identical. Homologous chromosomes carry the same genes in the same order, but may have different versions of those genes (alleles) due to genetic variation.
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How do chromosomes spiralize?
Chromosomes spiralize through a process called supercoiling. This occurs when the DNA double helix is twisted around itself, creating a more compact structure. Enzymes called topoisomerases are responsible for this process, helping to regulate the level of supercoiling in the chromosome. Supercoiling allows the long DNA molecule to be packaged into the small space of the cell nucleus, and also plays a role in regulating gene expression and DNA replication.
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