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Constraint Processing
Constraint satisfaction is a simple but powerful tool.Constraints identify the impossible and reduce the realm of possibilities to effectively focus on the possible, allowing for a natural declarative formulation of what must be satisfied, without expressing how.The field of constraint reasoning has matured over the last three decades with contributions from a diverse community of researchers in artificial intelligence, databases and programming languages, operations research, management science, and applied mathematics.Today, constraint problems are used to model cognitive tasks in vision, language comprehension, default reasoning, diagnosis, scheduling, temporal and spatial reasoning.In Constraint Processing, Rina Dechter, synthesizes these contributions, along with her own significant work, to provide the first comprehensive examination of the theory that underlies constraint processing algorithms.Throughout, she focuses on fundamental tools and principles, emphasizing the representation and analysis of algorithms.
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Art of Computer Programming, Volume 4, Fascicle 7, The : Constraint Satisfaction
This multivolume work on the analysis of algorithms has long been recognized as the definitive description of classical computer science.The four volumes published to date already comprise a unique and invaluable resource in programming theory and practice.Countless readers have spoken about the profound personal influence of Knuth's writings.Scientists have marveled at the beauty and elegance of his analysis, while practicing programmers have successfully applied his "cookbook" solutions to their day-to-day problems.All have admired Knuth for the breadth, clarity, accuracy, and good humor found in his books. To continue the fourth and later volumes of the set, and to update parts of the existing volumes, Knuth has created a series of small books called fascicles, which are published at regular intervals.Each fascicle encompasses a section or more of wholly new or revised material.Ultimately, the content of these fascicles will be rolled up into the comprehensive, final versions of each volume, and the enormous undertaking that began in 1962 will be complete. The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 4, Fascicle 7, is brimming with lively examples and forms the first third of what will eventually become hardcover Volume 4C.It introduces and explores an important general framework for modeling and solving combinatorial problems, called the Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP).The concluding sections of Volume 4B contain expositions of two analogous frameworks, namely XCC ("exact covering with colors") and SAT ("Boolean satisfiability"); the XCC solvers and SAT solvers are now joined by CSP solvers, completing a powerful trio of techniques.Each member of the trio has its own strengths, while separately helping to understand the other two. Fascicle 7 illuminates how the CSP framework is tied to dozens of other parts of computer science: Scene analysis (computer vision); efficient algorithms that embed one graph in another; fascinating instances of "graceful graphs"; new ways to look ahead when backtracking; new heuristics to guide a search that backtracks through a massive space of possibilities; situations when backtracking isn't necessary. New sparse-set data structures are introduced, leading to a technique called "dancing cells"--which often is even better than "dancing links"!Recreational topics appear throughout, including some new takes on the classic problem of a knight's tour, as well as modern puzzles such as fillomino. Nearly 500 exercises are provided, arranged carefully for self-instruction, together with detailed answers (in fact, sometimes also with answers to the answers).All the while, the author pays significant attention to the history of the subject and its human dimensions.
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Evolutionary Biomechanics : Selection, Phylogeny, and Constraint
Evolutionary biomechanics is the study of evolution through the analysis of biomechanical systems.Its unique advantage is the precision with which physical constraints and performance can be predicted from first principles.Instead of reviewing the entire breadth of the biomechanical literature, a few key examples are explored in depth as vehicles for discussing fundamental concepts, analytical techniques, and evolutionary theory.Each chapter develops a conceptual theme, developing the underlying theory and techniques required for analyses in evolutionary biomechanics.Examples from terrestrial biomechanics, metabolic scaling, and bird flight are used to analyse how physics constrains the design space that natural selection is free to explore, and how adaptive evolution finds solutions to the trade-offs between multiple complex conflicting performance objectives. Evolutionary Biomechanics is suitable for graduate level students and professional researchers in the fields of biomechanics, physiology, evolutionary biology and palaeontology.It will also be of relevance and use to researchers in the physical sciences and engineering.
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Machine Learning : A Constraint-Based Approach
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Why is veganism a constraint?
Veganism can be seen as a constraint by some individuals because it requires a significant shift in dietary habits and lifestyle choices. It may limit food options, especially in social settings or when dining out, making it challenging to find suitable vegan options. Additionally, veganism may require more planning and effort to ensure a balanced diet that meets all nutritional needs, such as getting enough protein, iron, and vitamin B12 from plant-based sources. Finally, veganism may also be perceived as a constraint due to the potential social stigma or criticism that some vegans face from others who do not understand or support their dietary choices.
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What is a cardinality constraint?
A cardinality constraint is a restriction placed on the number of relationships between entities in a database. It specifies the minimum and maximum number of occurrences of one entity that can be associated with a single occurrence of another entity. For example, a cardinality constraint may specify that a customer can place a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 5 orders. Cardinality constraints are important for maintaining data integrity and ensuring that the relationships between entities are properly defined and enforced.
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How was the constraint calculated in extremal problems?
In extremal problems, the constraint is calculated by setting up an equation or inequality that represents the limitations or restrictions on the variables involved in the problem. This constraint is typically derived from the given conditions or requirements of the problem. The goal is to optimize the objective function while satisfying the constraint. The constraint helps to narrow down the possible solutions and find the optimal solution that meets both the objective function and the given restrictions.
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How to solve extremum problems with a constraint?
To solve extremum problems with a constraint, you can use the method of Lagrange multipliers. This method involves setting up a new function that combines the objective function and the constraint function, and then finding the critical points of this new function. By solving the resulting system of equations, you can determine the values of the variables that optimize the objective function while satisfying the constraint. This method allows you to find the maximum or minimum values of the objective function subject to the given constraint.
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Organizational Communication : Balancing Creativity and Constraint
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A Wild Constraint : The Case for Chastity
In A Wild Constraint: The Case for Chastity, Taylor addresses the provocative subject of celibacy.Too often considered an exclusively religious option, celibacy has been reclaimed by some feminists and sociologists over the last 20 years as a radical alternative in secular society to the liberal sexual lifestyle.What, after all, is sexual liberation when so often the outcome is pain and social chaos?In the context of promiscuity, sexual abuse and confusion, celibacy can herald a different sexual freedom.Jenny Taylor draws on personal experience and interviews with men and women of all ages to demonstrate the impact of the sexual revolution and to make a case for celibacy.She argues that celibacy is a viable alternative that deserves to be taken seriously and challenges the church to speak out for sexual abstinence with confidence and certainty.
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Systems Biology : Constraint-based Reconstruction and Analysis
Recent technological advances have enabled comprehensive determination of the molecular composition of living cells.The chemical interactions between many of these molecules are known, giving rise to genome-scale reconstructed biochemical reaction networks underlying cellular functions.Mathematical descriptions of the totality of these chemical interactions lead to genome-scale models that allow the computation of physiological functions.Reflecting these recent developments, this textbook explains how such quantitative and computable genotype-phenotype relationships are built using a genome-wide basis of information about the gene portfolio of a target organism.It describes how biological knowledge is assembled to reconstruct biochemical reaction networks, the formulation of computational models of biological functions, and how these models can be used to address key biological questions and enable predictive biology.Developed through extensive classroom use, the book is designed to provide students with a solid conceptual framework and an invaluable set of modeling tools and computational approaches.
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Foundations of Constraint Satisfaction : The Classic Text
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Is there a property constraint all by itself?
No, a property constraint is always associated with a specific property of an object. It defines the allowable values or conditions for that property. For example, a property constraint might specify that the "age" property of a person object must be a positive integer. Therefore, a property constraint cannot exist on its own, but is always tied to a specific property within a given context.
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How can one fix the saddle girth constraint?
To fix the saddle girth constraint, one can start by ensuring that the girth is the correct size for the horse and saddle. It should be snug but not too tight, allowing for proper movement and breathing. Additionally, checking the placement of the girth to ensure it is not too far forward or back can help alleviate any discomfort. Finally, regularly inspecting the girth for wear and tear and replacing it when necessary can prevent any issues with the constraint.
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How was the constraint calculated in optimization problems?
In optimization problems, the constraint is calculated by setting up an inequality or equality that represents the limitations or restrictions on the decision variables. These constraints can be based on physical limitations, resource availability, or other practical considerations. The constraints are then incorporated into the objective function to form the optimization problem, and the goal is to find the values of the decision variables that satisfy all the constraints while optimizing the objective function. The constraints play a crucial role in determining the feasible region and guiding the search for the optimal solution.
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What does the legitimacy constraint mean in politics?
The legitimacy constraint in politics refers to the idea that a government or political system must be seen as having the right to govern by its citizens in order to be effective. This means that the government must be viewed as legitimate and lawful in the eyes of the people it governs. If a government lacks legitimacy, it may face challenges to its authority, such as protests, civil unrest, or even rebellion. Legitimacy can be derived from factors such as free and fair elections, adherence to the rule of law, and respect for human rights.
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